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Cockney Rhyming Slang (CRS) is a linguistic phenomenon believed to have originated from the East End of London during the mid-1800s. Put simply, it is the replacement of words with different words or phrases which rhyme with the original. From around 1840 the so-called ‘Cockney’ population of London began to use it to communicate with each other, however, it is still unknown why Cockney Rhyming Slang was invented. It may have been a form of hiding the real meaning of what they were saying when in the marketplace or for criminals hiding the meaning of their conversations from police. It could also have been a way of excluding outsiders such as non-locals or simply a sort of bonding technique within a group. The replacement phrases are usually made up of two but often the second word in the phrase is left out and only the first word is said.

There are hundreds of examples of CRS. Here are some commonly known ones and their definitions:

Apples and Pears=Stairs

Aunt Joanna=Piano (pronounced ‘pianna’)

Dog and Bone=phone (later addition)

Trouble and Strife=Wife

Bees and Honey=Money

Bird Lime=Time (in prison)

Tea Leaf=Thief

Porky Pies=Lies (He keeps telling porkies)

Artful Dodger=Lodger

Jack Jones=Alone (He went to the pub all Jack)

Baker’s dozen=Cousin

Barnet Fair=Hair

Rabbit and Pork=Talk (Rabbiting on)

Weasel and Stoat=Coat (Don’t forget your weasel)

Lemon Lime=Crime

Bricks and Mortar=Daughter

Cod and Plaice=Face

Dogs Meat=Feet

Stephanie Orton

The term “Creole” comes from the Portuguese “crioulo”, which means “black person born in the colonies”, and which has the Latin etymology “criare”, meaning “nurtured” or “raised”. It designates the origin of all African, European or mixed ethnicity people born and raised in the colonies. Little by little, the meaning of the word expanded, and it today used to refer to a language.

Creole languages are new languages, formed from one or several linguistic bases. They were formed in the 16^th and 17^th centuries, fostered by the European expansion into the New World. The first Creoles were probably invented in the plantations where slaves worked, combining European, African and Amerindian languages. Generally, their grammar has African origins, while their vocabulary is more European. These are oral languages, and seldom written down, although some dictionaries do exist.

127 different Creoles exist around the world and were registered in a study carried out in 1977 by Ian Hancock, a doctor of linguistics at the University of Texas. They were classified depending on their linguistic basis. Most Creoles are those based on English (35 countries), African (21 countries), French (15 countries) and Portuguese (14 countries).

Creole languages are spread throughout the whole world, except in Europe. Effectively, our continent only contains a single country where Creole is spoken: Gibraltar. There, Yanito, also called Spanglish, is spoken; a mixture of English and Spanish. On the contrary, the largest Creole speaking population is in the West Indies. Linguists specialising in Creole languages have also realised that these are generally insular languages, without knowing the reasons for the phenomenon with certainty.

However, Creole languages have only been made official in a few countries, for example in Haiti or the Seychelles, where English, French and Creole are co-official languages.

See you soon – or as they say in Guadeloupe, a dan on dot soley!

Cockney Rhyming Slang

Creole around the world